B) To test the feasibility of cloning technology.D) To reduce their training time.

7. A) Cloning is too complicated a process.C) Cloning is ethically controversial.

B) The technology is yet to be accepted.D) The technology is too expensive.

Section B

Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.

Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

8. A) He read it somewhere online.C) He read an article reviewing it.

B) He heard about it from a coworker.D) He watched a TV series based on it.

9. A) His publications.C) His address.

B) His first book.D) His name.

10. A) Collect a lot more data.C) Clarify many new concepts.

B) Relax a bit less often.D) Read more reference books.

11. A) Find out the show’s most interesting episodes.

B) Watch the series together with the woman.

C) Get an e-copy of the book to read.

D) Check to see when the show starts.

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

12. A) To check the prices of his farm produce.

B) To ask the way to the Newcastle City Hall.

C) To inquire about the vegetarian food festival.

D) To seek the man’s help with her work on the farm.

13. A) Bakers.                         C) Vegetarians.

B) Vendors.                       D) Organisers.

14. A) The issuing of certificates to vendors. C) The festival they are organising.

B) The completion of the baking task.   D) The deadline for application.

15. A) The closing date of submission.       C) The details of the ceremony.

B) The website of his company.       D) The organiser’s address.

Section C

Directions:In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you willhear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken onlyonce. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16. A) Most scenic sites have been closed.

B) Access to official campsites is limited.

C) Health experts advise going outdoors.

D) People have more time during the summer.

17. A) It is strongly opposed by nearby residents.

B) It leads to much waste of public money.

C) It has caused environmental concerns.

D) It has created conflicts among campers.

18. A) Look for open land in Scotland.

B) Leave no trace of their camping.    

C) Avoid getting close to wilderness.

D) Ask for permission from authorities.

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.

19. A) They outcompete mythical creatures.

B) They usually mind their own business.

C) They truly exist in the Amazon region.  

D) They resemble alarmingly large snakes.

20. A) Scar tissue from dolphins’ fighting.

B) Skin infection from water pollution.

C) Unhealed wounds from snake bites.

D) Swimming along in seasonal floods.

21. A) It has been shrinking at an astonishing pace.

B) It has been placed under international protection.

C) It has been appealing to both freshwater and sea dolphins.

D) It has been abandoned as a battleground for male dolphins.

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

22. A) About 58% of young adults call parental support the new normal.

B) Most adult children enjoy increasing sources of financial support.

C) A full 70% of the young adults cannot afford to buy a car by themselves.

D) Most early adults cannot sustain their lifestyles without parental support.

23. A) It renders them dependent.  

B) It causes them to lose dignity.

C) It makes them mentally immature.

D) It hinders them from getting ahead.

24. A) It challenges one’s willpower.

B) It results from education.

C) It calls for due assistance.

D) It defines adulthood.

25. A) Current lifestyles.

B) Poor budgeting.

C) College loans.

D) Emergency expenses.

Part ⅢReading Comprehension(40 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each itemon Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

It’s well known that physical exercise is beneficial not just to physical health but also to mental health. Yet whereas most countries have   26  , evidence-backed guidelines on the type and intensity of exercise  27  for various physical health benefits, such guidelines do not yet exist for exercise and mood. This is   28  due to a lack of necessary evidence. However, a new systematic review brings us usefully up to-date on the current findings in this area.

Before   29  into some of the key take-aways, an important   30  made in the  review is between aerobic exercise and anaerobic. The former   31  such things as  walking, jogging and cycling and means exercising in such a way that your body is able to use oxygen to burn fat for energy. In contrast, anaerobic exercise—such as lifting heavy weights—is of such   32  intensity that your body does not have time to use oxygen to create energy and so instead it breaks down glucose (葡萄糖) in your blood or muscles.

Beginning first with the influence of exercise intensity on the mood benefits of aerobic exercise, the researchers, led by John Chan at Shenzhen University, found   33  results from 19 relevant studies. Some favoured higher intensity, others low, while seven studies found that intensity made no   34  to mood benefits.

In relation to the intensity of anaerobic exercise, however, the results were far clearer—the optimum (最佳选择) for improving mood is   35  intensity, perhaps because low intensity is too dull while high intensity is too unpleasant.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Why Do Americans Work So Much?

A)Howwill weall keep busy when we only have to work 15 hours aweek?That was the question that worriedthe British economist John Maynard Keynes when he wrote his shortessay“Economic Possibilities for OurGrandchildren”in1930.Over the next  century,hepredicted,the economy would become so productive that people would barely need to work at all.For a while,it looked like Keynes was right.In1930 the averageworking week was 47 hours in the United States.But by 1970,the number of hours Americans worked onaverage had fallen toslightly less than 39.

B)But thensomethingchanged.Insteadof continuingtodecline,thedurationof theworkingweekremained stable.Ithasstayedatjustbelow40hoursfornearlyfivedecades.Sowhathappened?Whyarepeopleworking just as much today as in 1970?

C)There would be no mystery in this ifKeynes had been wrong about the power of technology to increase the economy’s productivity,which he thought would lead to a standard of living“between four and eight times as high as it is today.”But Keynes got that right:Technology has made the economy massively more productive. Accordingto Benjamin M.Friedman,an economist at Harvard,theU.S.economy is right on track to reach Keynes’s eight-fold(八倍)multiple by 2029.Thatis a centuryafter the last data Keynes wouldhave had access to.

D)In a new paper,Friedman tries to figure out why that increased productivity has not translated into increasedleisure time.Perhaps people just never feel materially satisfied,always wanting more money to buy the nextnew thing.This is a theory that appeals to many economists.“This argument is,at best,far from sufficient,” he writes.If that were the case,why did the duration of the working week decline in the firstplace?

E)Another theory Friedman considers is that,in an era of ever fewer settings that provide effective opportunities for personal connections and relationships,people may place more value on thesocializing that happens atwork.There is support for this theory.Many people today consider colleagues as friends.But Friedman argues that the evidence for this theory is far from conclusive.Many workers report that they would like to spend more time with family,rather than at work.Furthermore,this theory cannot explain the change in trend in the U.S.working week in the 1970s.

F)A third possibility proves more convincing for Friedman.That is:American inequality means that the gainsof increasing productivity are not widely shared by everyone.In other words,most Americans are too poorto work less.Unlike the other two explanations Friedman considers,this one fits chronologically(按年代). Inequality declined in America during the period following World War II,along with the duration of theworking week.But since the early 1970s it has risen dramatically.

G)Keynes’s prediction of a shorter working week rests on the idea that the standard of living would continue risingforeveryone.ButFriedmansaysthat thisis not what has happened.Although Keynes’seight-fold figure holds up for the economy as a whole,it is not at all the case for the median(中位数的)Americanworker.For them,output by 2029 is likelyto be around 3.5 times what it was when Keynes was writing.This is a bit belowhis four-to eight-fold predicted range.

H)This can be seen in the median worker’s income over this time period,complete with a shift in 1973 that fits in precisely with whenthe working week stopped shrinking.According to Friedman,between 1947 and 1973 the average hourly wage for normal workers (those who were not in management roles)in private industries other than agriculture nearly doubled in terms of what their money could buy.But by 2013 the average hourly wage for ordinary workers had fallen 5 percent from the1973 level in terms of actual purchasing power.Thus,though American incomes may have gone up since 1973,theamount that American workers canactuallybuywiththeirmoneyhasgonedown.FormostAmericans,then,themagicofincreasing productivity stoppedworking around 1973.Thus,they had to keep working justas much in order to maintaintheir standard of living.

I)What Keynes predicted was a very optimistic version of what economists call technological unemployment. This is the idea that less labor will be necessary because machines can do so much.In Keynes’s vision,the resulting unemployment would be distributed more or less evenly across society in the form of increased leisure.But Friedman says that,for Americans,reality is much darker.Americans now have a labor market in which millions of people—those with fewer skills and less education—are seeking whatever poorly paid work they can get.This is confirmed by a recent poll that found that,for half of hourly workers,their top concern is not that they work too much but that they work too little.This is most likely not because they liketheir jobs so much.Rather,we can assume it is because they need the money.

J)Thisexplanationleaves an important question.If thevery rich—the workers who have reapedabove-average gains from the increased productivity since Keynes’s time—can afford to work less,why do they continueto work so much?(Indeed,research has shown that the highest earners in America tend to work the most.)Friedmanbelieves that formany top earners,work is a labor of love.They are doing work they care about and are interested in,and doing more of it is not necessarily a burden.For them,it may even be a pleasure.Thesetop earners derive meaning from theirjobs and work is an important part of how they think of themselves.And,of course,they arecompensated for it at a level that makes itworth their while.

K)Friedmanconcludesthattheprosperity(繁荣)Keynes predicted is here.After all,theeconomy as a whole has grown even more brilliantly than he expected.But for mostAmericans,that prosperity is nowhere to beseen.And,as a result,neither are those shorter working weeks.

36.Some people view socializing at the workplace as a chance to develop personal relationships.

37.As ordinary American workers’ average hourly pay had decreased despite increasing productivity, they had to work just as many hours as before to keep their living standards.

38.American workers’ average weekly working time has not changed for nearly half a century.

39. Friedman believes inequality in the U.S. largely explains why increasing productivity has not resulted in reduced working hours.

40.Many economists assume people’s thirst for material things has prevented them from enjoying more leisure time.

41.An economist’s prediction about a shorter average working week seemed to be correct for a time in the 20^th century.

42.In the U.S. labor market, the primary concern of people with less schooling and fewer skills is to secure any employment even if it is low-paid.

43.Keynes was right in predicting that technology would make the economy much more productive.

44.Many of the highest earners have a keen interest in and love for what they are doing.

45.According to Keynes, there would be a shorter working week with everyone’s standard of living continuing to rise.

Section C

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.”

People-pleasing, or seeking self-worth through others’ approval, is unproductive and an exhausting way to go through life. Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves? If it’s true that you can’t please all people all of the time, wouldn’t it make sense to stop trying?

Unfortunately, sense often isn’t driving our behavior. For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked, and caring about the effect we have on others, is healthy and allows us to make connections. However, where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent upon whether we win someone’s approval or not.

This need to be liked can be traced back to when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us: Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate, they are also trying to learn how the world works. We learn about who we are and what is expected of us based on interactions with others, so, to a four-year-old, if Mommy or Daddy doesn’t like him or her, there is the danger that they will abandon them. We need to understand that when we desperately want someone to approve of us, it’s being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment.

As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you seek, your need for external validation will start to vanish, leaving you stronger, more confident, and yes, happier in your life. Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our authentic selves in an effort to be liked.

If we base our worth on the opinions of others, we cheat ourselves of the power to shape our experiences and embrace life not only for others but also for ourselves, because ultimately, there is no difference. So embrace the cliché (老话) and love yourself as it’s highly doubtful that you’ll regret it.

46. What can we conclude from Lao Zi’s quotation?

A)We should see through other people’s attempt to make a prisoner of us.

B)We can never really please other people even if we try as hard as we can.

C)We can never be truly free if taking to heart others’ opinion ofus.

D)We should care about other people’s view as much as they care about our own.

47. What will happen if we base our self-worth on other people’s approval?

A)Our desire to be loved will be fulfilled.

B)Our life will be unfruitful and exhausting.

C)Our identity as social beings will be affected.

D)Our sense of self will be sharpened and enhanced.

48. What may account for our need to be liked or approved of?

A) Our desperate longing for interactionswith others.

B) Our understanding ofthe workingsof the world.

C)Ourknowledge about thepain of abandonment.

D)Our early childhood fear of being deserted.

49. What can we do when we become better able to provide ourselves with the desired approval?

A) Enjoy a happier life.

B)Exerciseself-restraint.

C) Receive more external validation.

D)Strengthen our power of imagination.

50. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph?

A) Embrace life for ourselves and for others.

B) Base our worth on others’ opinions.

C) See our experiences as assets.

D) Love ourselves as we are.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good.

Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new.

Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.

In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks.

Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.

A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness—a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge—may also help folks pass brain tests. Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, but those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.”

51. What do some people think of aging adults?

A)Their wisdom grows as time goes by.

B)Their memory graduallydeteriorates.

C)They can benefit from late-in-life learning.

D) They are likely to have mental health issues.

52. What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman’s finding?

A)Brain damage seriously hinders one’s learning.

B)Brain power weakens slower than we imagine.

C)Brains can refresh and improve with learning.

D) Brains forge connections under new conditions.

53. What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks?

A)Doing daily routines by conventional means.

B)Avoiding worrying about our mental durability.

C)Imitating old dogs’ way of learning new tricks.

D) Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways.

54. What does the author say can contribute to the improvement of brain function?

A)Being curious and desiring knowledge.

B)Being eager to pass brain tests at anold age.

C)Rising to life’s challenges and avoiding risks.

D) Boosting immunity to serious mental diseases.

55. What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging?

A)Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one’s reasoning power.

B)Playing number games unexpectedly stimulates one’s memory.

C)Desiring new experiences can help to renovate the brain.

D) Learning new tricks should not be confined to old dogs only.

Part IVTranslation(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

四合院(siheyuan) 是中国一种传统的住宅建筑，其特点是房屋建造在一个院子的四周, 将院子合围在中间。四合院通常冬暖夏凉, 环境舒适, 尤其适合大家庭居住。四合院在中国各地有多种类型，其中以北京的四合院最为典型。如今, 随着现代城市的发展, 传统的四合院已逐渐减少，但因其独特的建筑风格, 四合院对中国文化的传承和中国历史的研究具有重要意义。

2024年06月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套）

Part IWriting(30 minutes)

Directions: Suppose your university is seeking students’ opinions on whether university sports facilities should be open to the public. You are now to write an essay to express your view. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part ⅡListening Comprehension(25 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.

1. A) It hit a bird shortly after takeoff.

B) Its crew members went on strike.

C) It narrowly escaped a plane crash when turning around.

D) Its captain got slightly injured during the forced landing.

2. A) Panic.C) Relieved.

B) Nervous.D) Contented.

Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.

3. A) He is now kept in a secure area.C) He has been caught a second time.

B) He has escaped the zoo once again.D) He finally disappeared six days ago.

4. A) Squeezed.C) Disappointed.

B) Threatened.D) Frustrated.

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.

5. A) It is condemned as a crazy idea.C) It is questioned by local residents.

B) It is enriching the city’s night life.D) It is giving rise to safety concerns.

6. A) Avoid entering one-way streets.C) He has been caught a second time.

B) Follow all the traffic rules drivers do.D) Give way to automobiles at all times.

7. A) To ease the city’s busy traffic.C) To add a new means of transport.

B) To bring new life into the city.D) To reduce the city’s air pollution.

Section B

Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

8. A) Take it seriously.C) Make it sound scary.

B) Discuss it regularly.D) Talk about it openly.

9. A) By shopping around for the best deals.C) By citing concrete examples.

B) By making abstract sums relevant.D) By visiting discount stores.

10. A) Paying their kids to help with housework.

B) Setting kids a good example by sharing chores.

C) Giving kids pocket money according to their needs.

D) Urging kids to deposit some of their gift money.

11. A) The importance of cutting down family expenses.

B) The need to learn important lessons from her elders.

C) The delight in seeing their savings grow.

D) The necessity of saving into a pension.

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

12. A) He is a successful businessman.C) He has published a new bestseller.

B) He reviews books on political affairs.D) He has worked in several banks.

13. A) The man’s ideas about education.

B) The man’s academic background.

C) The man’s attempts at drawing public attention.

D) The man’s proposals to solve economic problems.

14. A) To reduce students’ financial burden.

B) To motivate all students to be successful.

C) To give students incentive to excel in economics.

D) To provide remedies for students’ poor performance.

15. A) Improving school budgeting.C) Seeking donations.

B) Increasing tuition fees.D) Raising taxes.

Section C

Directions:In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you willhear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken onlyonceAfter you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16. A) To show his sympathy towards people always being busy.

B) To prevent people from complaining about being “busy” .

C) To call on busy people to take care of themselves.

D) To help busy people to sort out their priorities.

17. A) Avoid saying we are busy.C) Describe our schedule in detail.

B) Reflect on their true purpose.D) Respond as most busy people do.

18. A) To show their achievements resulted from great efforts.

B) To prove they stand out as accomplished professionals.

C) To cover up their failure to achieve some purpose.

D) To tell others a complete lie about their inability.

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.

19. A) They will help one reduce fear

B) They should become so popular.

C) They will be less challenging after a time.

D) They should cover so many different types.

20. A) To break one’s ultimate limits.C) To avoid dangerous mistakes.

B) To stop being extremely afraidD) To enjoy the sports to the full.

21. A) By allowing our motivation to be at an all-time high.

B) By stopping us hurting the same muscles repeatedly.

C) By burning as many as 300 calories per hour.

D) By enabling us to get an all-over workout.

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

22. A) It is natural.C) It is personal.

B) It is instrumental.D) It is vital.

23. A) To guard against being perceived negatively.

B) To prevent themselves from being isolated.

C) To conceal personality preferences.

D) To maintain workplace harmony.

24. A) It helps to enhance team spirit.C) It helps to resolve problems.

B) It stimulates innovative ideas.D) It facilitates policy-making.

25. A) An innovative mind.C) Mutual trust.

B) Corporate culture.D) A healthy mentality.

Part ⅢReading Comprehension(40 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

A team of researchers led by Priyanka Joshi examined the degree to which men and women relied on “communicative abstraction” to verbally convey their ideas and emotions. Communicative abstraction, according to the researchers, reflects the tendency of people to use “abstract speech that focuses on the broader picture and   26  purpose of action rather than concrete speech focusing on details and the means of   27  action.” Interestingly, they found that men were far more likely to speak in the abstract than were women.

To arrive at this   28  , the researchers examined the linguistic (语言的) patterns of men and women in over 600,000 blog posts written on websites. To do this, the researchers computed abstractness ratings for   29  40,000 commonly used words in the English language. Words considered to be concrete could be easily visualized, such as “table” or “chair”. Words that were more   30   to visualize, for example, “justice” or “morality” were considered to be more abstract. They found that men used   31   more abstract language in their blog posts.

What is the   32   of this effect? The researchers suggest that power differences between the genders—that is, men having more power in society—might be a key determinant (决定因素). For instance, in a follow-up study conducted with a sample of 300 students, the researchers   33  power dynamics in an interpersonal setting to see if this would influence communicative abstraction. They found that participants in a high-power interviewer role were more likely to give abstract descriptions of behaviors than were participants in a low-power interviewee role. This suggests that communicating more abstractly does not reflect a   34  tendency of men or women but rather   35  within specific contexts.

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

How to betterwork towards long-term goals

A)Hal Hershfield, a psychologist at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, wanted to know why people weren’t saving for retirement. Across the board, people are living longer. Logically, they’ll need more money to live comfortably in their post-work years. And yet, savings rates in the U.S. have gone down in recent decades, not up.

B)To help explain this seemingly irrational behavior, Hershfield and his team scanned the brains of study participants while asking them to what degree various traits (特征) —like “honorable”or “funny”—applied to their current self, their future self, a current other, or a future other. As participants answered, Hershfield’s team recorded which parts of their brains lit up. Unsurprisingly, people’s brains were most active when thinking about their current selves and least active when thinking about a current other. But the team found that participants’ brain activity while considering their future selves more closely resembled their brain activity while thinking about a current other rather than the current self.

C)Put in practical terms, when thinking of yourself in a month or a year or a decade, your brain registers that person in ways similar to how it would register Taylor Swift or the mailman. Understood in that way, saving for retirement is the equivalent of giving money away to someone else entirely.

D)In light of Hershfield’s study, one simple question arises: Is it possible to make our present selves give a damn about our future selves? The answers are anything but simple.

E)Seen through the lens of the present self versus the future self, our self-defeating actions—like choosing to watch television rather than go to the gym—suddenly make perfect sense. We get to enjoy the very concrete, immediate benefits of our actions while someone else (namely, our future selves) suffers the hypothetical (假设的), far-off consequences. As a result, the decisions we make for our present selves often look very different from our decisions for our future selves. We believe that tomorrow will be different. We believe that we will be different tomorrow; but in doing so, we prioritize our current mood over the consequences of our inaction for the future self.

F)Understanding our procrastination (拖延) through the lens of the present and future selves, we’re left with three possible solutions: The first is to force your future self to do whatever your present self doesn’t want to do. The second is to convince your present self that your future self is, in fact, still you. If the central problem is that we think of our future selves as other people, it follows that trying to identify more closely with our future selves will encourage us to make better long-term decisions.

G)In a follow-up study, Hershfield wanted to explore ways to bridge the disconnect between the present and future selves and encourage people to save more for retirement. He and his team took photos of study participants, and then used image processing to visually age their faces. Participants were then placed in a virtual reality setting where they could look into a mirror and see their aged selves looking back at them. Participants who saw their aged selves said they would save 30% more of their salary for retirement than the control group.

H)Whatever your long-term goals may be—getting in better shape, launching your own business, writing a book—thinking about your deadline in terms of days rather than months or years can help you wrap your mind around how close the future really is.

I)The third solution is to forget about your future self and use your present self’s love of instant gratification (满足感) to your advantage. While the two tactics (手段) above can be effective in making better long-term choices, in the end, you’re still struggling against human nature. Our brains are hard- wired for instant gratification. Instead of fighting your present self’s need for immediate rewards, why not use it to your advantage? When most of us set goals, we focus on long-term results we want to see— e.g., losing weight, getting a promotion, retiring in comfort, etc. While those visions of our future selves can be inspiring, when it comes to actually doing the day-to-day work, it may be more effective to reframe activities in terms of their immediate, or at least very near-term, rewards.

J)Take writing this article, for instance. It’s easy for me to imagine how amazing it will feel at the end of the workday to have this article done. This isn’t just my opinion. Research partners Kaitlin Woolley of Cornell University and Ayelet Fishbach of the University of Chicago have made a career out of studying the differences between the goals that people achieve and the ones that fall to the wayside.

K)“In one study, we asked people online about the goals they set at the beginning of the year. Most people set goals to achieve delayed, long-term benefits, such as career advancement, debt repayment, or improved health. We asked these individuals how enjoyable it was to pursue their goal, as well as how important their goal was. We also asked whether they were still working on their goals two months after setting them. We found that enjoyment predicted people’s goal persistence two months after setting the goal far more than how important they rated their goal to be,” Woolley said.

L)This pattern held true across a wide variety of goals from exercising to studying to eating healthier foods. For example, people ate 50% more of a healthy food when directed to focus on the good taste rather than the long-term health benefits. Other studies have shown a greater uptake of exercise in people who were told to think of the enjoyment of doing the exercise now rather than future health gains.

M)These findings suggest that when it comes to achieving your goals, enjoying the process itself is more important than wanting the long-term benefits. In other words, present self trumps (战胜) future self. Who says instant gratification has to be a bad thing? By all means, set ambitious long-term goals for your future self, but when it comes to actually following through day-to-day, make sure your present self knows what’s in it for her too.

36. Our brains are genetically determined to satisfy immediate desires.

37. Taken in a practical way, saving for post-work years is like giving money away to others.

38. Research found that, as regards achievement of one’s goals, it is important to focus more on enjoying the process than the long-term benefits.

39. Regarding our future selves as still being ourselves will help us make better long-term decisions.

40. Savings rates in America have dropped in recent decades even though people’s life expectancy has increased.

41. Researchers found that enjoyment rather than importance enabled people to persist in their goals.

42. When making decisions, we give priority to our current frame of mind without thinking much of the consequences.

43. People ate more of a healthy food when they focused on its good taste instead of its long-term benefits.

44. As was expected, when people thought of their present selves, their brains were observed to become more active.

45. Researchers found that participants who saw the images of their aged selves would save more for their later years than those who didn’t.

Section C

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

People often wonder why some entrepreneurs have greater success than others. Is it habits, connections, luck, work ethic or any other behavior? I believe the key to success is willpower. Willpower is the ability to control yourself. It is a strong determination that allows you to do something difficult. It is a behavior we are born with more than one we learn; however, it is possible to not only learn it, but also strengthen it with constant exercise.

Willpower is just like a muscle; to keep it strong you need to constantly exercise it. People with a great amount of willpower have the discipline to develop positive, successful habits. Even with an incredible amount of talent, without the discipline and motivation to create positive habits, it can be difficult to achieve success.

Willpower and habits go hand in hand. It is critical to create good habits and take the actions necessary to stick to those habits day in and day out for greater success. Almost half of our daily actions are part of our habits and not decisions, so once the correct habits are in place, you will automatically perform those tasks on a day-to-day basis.

The best way to create and stick to a habit is to have strong motivation. It’s easier to change your habits to lose weight if you have a health issue and you want to be around longer for your kids, or if your business is something you’re passionate about. Having a valuable outcome associated with a habit will help you stick to that habit permanently.

The art of self-control is one that most successful individuals have mastered. Self-control enables you to avoid behaviors that don’t contribute to your success and adopt those that do.

Because there is a delayed satisfaction associated with self-control, it can be easy to get off track. However, if you work on sticking to those small positive habits one day at a time, it becomes easier to stay strong and achieve that delayed reward. Once a reward is achieved, it is much easier to continue sticking to your habits.

46. What does the author say we need to do to strengthen our willpower?

A) Keep it under control.C) Learn from entrepreneurs.

B) Apply it continuously. D) Aim at success determinedly.

47. How are almost half of our daily actions performed according to the passage?

A) Out of habit.C) Like muscle building.

B) With determination.D) By self-discipline.

48. What will help people stick to doing something constructive automatically?

A) Practisingitonaday-to-daybasis.

B) Associating it with improving health.

C) Possessingareasonableamountoftalent.

D) Foreseeing the desired outcome it will yield.

49. How does the art of self-control help us succeed?

A) Byallowingustoremainclear-headedpermanently.

B) Byenablingustoalterourbehaviorsconstantly.

C) Byenablingustotakepositiveactions

D) By allowing us to avoid taking risks.

50. Why can it be difficult for us to maintain self-control?

A) Mostofusarenotinthehabitofexercisingself-control.

B) Wemaynotgetimmediaterewardsfromself-control.

C) Self-controltendstobeassociatedwithpains.

D) Self-control only brings about small benefits.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Today, most scientific research is funded by government grants, companies doing research and development, and non-profit foundations. As a society, we reap the rewards from this science, but we also help pay for it. You indirectly support science through taxes you pay, products and services you purchase, and donations you make.

Funding for science has changed with the times. Historically, science has been largely supported through private patronage (资助) , church sponsorship, or simply paying for the research yourself. Today, researchers are likely to be funded by a mix of grants from various government agencies, institutions, and foundations. Other research is funded by private companies. Such corporate sponsorship is widespread in some fields. Almost 75% of U.S. clinical trials in medicine are paid for by private companies. And, of course, some researchers today still fund small-scale studies out of their own pockets. Most of us can’t afford to do nuclear research as a private hobby, but birdwatchers, rock collectors, and others can do real research on a limited budget.

In a perfect world, money wouldn’t matter—all scientific studies would be completely objective. But in the real world, funding may introduce biases. Drug research sponsored by the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry is more likely to end up favoring the drug under consideration than studies sponsored by government grants or charitable organizations. Similarly, nutrition research sponsored by the food industry is more likely to end up favoring the food under consideration than independently funded research.

So what should we make of all this? Should we ignore any research funded by companies or special interest groups? Certainly not. These groups provide invaluable funding for scientific research. Furthermore, science has many safeguards in place to catch instances of bias that affect research outcomes. Ultimately, misleading results will be corrected as science proceeds; however, this process takes time. Meanwhile, it pays to examine studies funded by industry or special interest groups with extra care. Are the results consistent with other independently funded studies? What do other scientists have to say about this research? A little examination can go a long way towards identifying bias associated with the funding source.

51.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscussregardingscientificresearch?

A) Its foundation.C) Its prospect.

B) Its rewards.D) Its funding.

52.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutresearcherslikebirdwatchersandrockcollectors?

A) Theyhavelittleaccesstogovernmentfunding.

B) Theycandoresearchwithlimitedresources.

C) Theycandoamateurworkintheirownfields.

D) They have no means for large-scale research.

53.What would scientific studies look like in a perfect world according to the author?

A) They would be totally unbiased.C) They would be responsibly conducted.

B) They would be independently funded.D) They would be strictly supervised

54.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcompaniesandspecialinterestgroups?

A) Theytryhardtopulldownthesafeguardsforresearch.

B) Theymakeextraeffortstoresearchtheirownproducts.

C) Theyprovidevaluableresourcesforscientificresearch.

D) They reap the most benefits from scientific research.

55.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofresearchfundedbyindustryorspecialinterestgroups?

A) Itsrecommendationsshouldbeexaminedforfeasibility.

B) Itsmisleadingresultsshouldbecorrectedintime.

C) Itsvalidityshouldbecheckedwithadditionalcare.

D) Its hidden biases should be identified independently.

Part IVTranslation(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

农历(the lunar calendar) 起源于数千年前的中国，根据太阳和月亮的运行规律制定。长期以来，农历在农业生产和人们日常生活中发挥着重要作用。古人依据农历记录日期、安排农活，以便最有效地利用自然资源和气候条件，提高农作物的产量和质量。中国的春节、中秋节等传统节日的日期都基于农历。农历是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，当今依然广为使用。

2024年06月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套）

Part IWriting(30 minutes)

Directions: Supposeyouruniversityisseekingstudents’ opinionsonwhetheruniversitycanteensshould beopentothepublic.Youarenowtowriteanessaytoexpressyourview.Youwillhave30minutesfor thetask.You will have 30 minutes for the task.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part ⅡListening Comprehension(25 minutes)

淘宝店铺【光速考研工作室】温馨提示：由于2024年6月四级考试全国共考了两套听力, 本套真题听力与第2套内容相同, 只是选项顺序不同, 因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

Part ⅢReading Comprehension(40 minutes)

Section A

Over the coming decades, millions of jobs will be threatened by robotics and artificial intelligence. Despite intensive academic   26  on these developments, there has been little study on how workers   27  to being replaced through technology.

To find out, business researchers at TUM and Erasmus University Rotterdam conducted 11 studies and surveys with over 2,000 persons from several countries.

The findings show: In principle, most people view it more   28  when workers are replaced by other people than by robots or intelligent software. This preference   29  , however, when it refers to people’s own jobs. When that is the case, the majority of workers find it less upsetting to see their own jobs go to robots than to other employees. In the long term, however, the same people see machines as more threatening to their future role in the workforce. These effects can also be observed among people who have recently become unemployed.

The researchers were able to identify the causes behind these   30  paradoxical results, too: People tend to   31  themselves less with machines than with other people. Consequently, being replaced by a robot or software   32  less of a threat to their feeling of self-worth. This reduced self-threat could even be observed when participants assumed that they were being replaced by other employees who relied on technological abilities such as artificial intelligence in their work.

 “Even when unemployment results from the   33  of new technologies, people still judge it in a social context,” says Christoph Fuchs, one of the authors of the study. “It is important to understand these   34  effects when trying to manage the massive changes in the working world to minimize   35  in society.”

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

No escape as ‘snow day’ becomes ‘e-learning day’

A)Certain institutions,such as schools,are likely to close when bad weather,such as snow,flooding or extremeheatorcold,causestraveldifficulties,poweroutages(断供),or otherwiseendangers publicsafety.When snowy weather arrives in the US,it means the chance of school children benefiting from the long-standing tradition of the “snow day”,when schools are forced to close and students getan unexpected day off.

B)The criterion for a snow day is primarily the inability of school buses to operate safely on their routes and danger to children who walk to school.Often,the school remains officially open even though buses do not run and classes are canceled.Severe weather that causes cancellation or delay is more likely in regions that are less able to handle the situation.Snow days are less common in more northern areas of the United States that are used to heavy winter snowfall,because municipalities are well equipped to clear roads and remove snow.In areas less accustomed to snow even small snowfalls of an inch or two may render roads unsafe.

C)Snow days are a familiar theme in American film and TV shows,with children getting the good news and then runningoutsideforsomeseasonalsnowman-buildingandsnowballthrowing,againstabackground of joyful pop music.But the tradition is now over for pupils in several US states such as South Carolina, Nevada,GeorgiaandIndiana.Thisacademicyear,manyschoolboardshaveintroducedpolicieswhich require students to work from home if the school is shut by snow or extreme weather.They are known as “e-learning days”,which certainly sounds less fun than a snow day.

D)Teachers are also losing their snow days and instead will be expected to be on hand to take a virtual register andanswerstudents’ questionsonline.ApilotprogrammeinaschooldistrictinAndersonCounty,South Carolina,has supplied students with electronic tablets loaded with assignments to complete in the event of a school closure.If it is successful,it could be rolled out across the state.

E)But some parents object to the new policy if the vigorous debate on the Facebook page of Anderson County school district is anything to go by.“When it snows,let the kids enjoy it,”said one commenter.Another said the decision would “ruin school even more”,and someone else called snow days “a fun part of childhood”. But supporters of the policy say it means children will miss fewer days of school.It will also bring to an end a less popular US high school tradition:the“make-up day”,which requires students in many states to make up the time lost due to weatherby working during school holidays.

F)Students in North Carolina already have several make-up days scheduled because of school closures duringHurricaneFlorence,whichstruckinSeptember.TomWilson,thesuperintendent(主管)of AndersonCounty school district,said the change away from snow days makes practical and financial sense.He saidtechnology has changed every profession,so it makes sense to use it to “eliminate”make-up days.AdamBaker of the Department of Education in Indiana said e-learning days were proving a“great success”.He said most Indiana schools already use digital devices during lessons,so it was an “easy decision” toextend this to days when schools are closed.He denies the decision is depriving children of the chance toenjoy the snow. “Students are still able to enjoy snow days and outside time,” he said. “Many have PE andscience assignments that have them out enjoying the weather.” But local school superintendents in Ohio areresisting proposals to adopt e-learning days.They fear that students without internet access at home will be disadvantaged by the policy,and superintendent Tom Roth is concerned that e-learning days will offer alower quality of education.

G)There are also so-called “blizzard bags”,with assignments thatchildren take home ahead ofanexpected snow closure.But Mr Roth says it is not sufficient as areplacement.” “Ithink we still need the class time to give our kids the education that they deserve,” he said. “You can’t get that with a blizzard bag or doing the work from home like that.It’s not going to be as effective.”

H)There is a long-running debate on whether missing days of school affects attainment.In England,there has been a focus on tackling absenteeism(旷课)from school.The Department for Education (DFE)published research in2016 arguing that missing any days at school could have a negative impacton results.Even a few days lost in a yearcould be enough to miss out on getting a good exam grade,the DFE’s research concluded. This differed from the findings of a study from Harvard University in the US,which concluded that missing a few occasional daysbecause of the weatherdidnot damage learning.

I)The Harvard study examined seven years of school results data and could not find any impact from snow closures.What caused more disruption was when schools tried to stay open in bad weather,even though many staff and pupils were absent.But weather can make a difference to school results,according to another piece of Harvard research published last summer.It’s hot weather that has the negative impact.The results of 10 million school students were examined over 13 years and researchers found a “significant” link betweenyears with extremely hot weather and lower results.

J)It’s obvious that students should go to school every day to get the most out of education.In cases of extreme weather students don’t always have that option.However,research shows that authorised absences from school such as during extreme weather are less problematic for students than absences that are not authorised. This is because unauthorised absences tend to reflect patterns and behaviours of student disengagement,or the possible negative attitudes of parents towards education that students adopt and carry with them through schooling.The level of impacton students’ educational performance is all to do with the length of time that a student is absent from school and how regularly this occurs.

36.There is opposition to the practice of giving children assignments to take home before extreme weather forces a school closure.

37.New policies adopted by many US schools require students to do online learning at home in case of a school closure.

38.According to some research, extreme hot weather negatively affects students’ performance.

39.There is a time-honoured tradition in the US for school kids to stay at home on “snow days”.

40.Debates on social media show some parents are opposed to ending the “snow day” tradition.

41.In more northern regions of the US, school is less likely to be affected by snowy weather.

42.Research indicates absences from school with permission do not cause as many problems as those without permission.

43.There is objection to e-learning days owing to fear that students with no access to the Internet at home will suffer.

44.In a pilot programme, students are given electronic devices to do assignments when schools are closed.

45.Along-standing debate is going on over the impact of school absences on students’ academic performance.

Section C

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

It may sound surprising, but you don’t have to be interested in fashion, or even in history, to enjoy Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History. I happen to be interested in both, and ended up enjoying the book for completely different reasons.

Richard Thompson Ford is a law professor, and you probably won’t forget that for even one page. His carefully reasoned arguments, packed with examples, sound almost like reading a court opinion, only maybe wordier. You will probably never think of fashion as a trifle again.

Ford’s thesis is that the best way to understand what particular fashions meant in any given era is to look at the restrictions placed on them. Through this lens, he shows us that the first laws passed in the 1200s to ensure that only the nobility were allowed to wear certain fabrics, colors and ornaments reflected the rise of the middle class, who were now able to imitate some of these fashions. The status of the upper classes was threatened; fashion was a tool to preserve it.

Ford takes the reader through the evolution of fashion while examining the underlying motivations of status, sex, power, and personality, which, he assumes, influenced all innovations in fashion in the past and which continue to influence us today. His writing is more than a little dense—dense with research, clauses, and precise adjectives and nouns. But there’s also humor and enough interesting episodes to make the writing appealing. No one is spared his sharp analysis: not the easy targets of 19th century women’s cripling (伤害身体的) fashions nor the modern uniforms of Silicon Valley T-shirts

But the greatest strength of this book (on fashion!) is its intellectual profoundness. Ford asks us to question unconscious beliefs, to realize that we almost never do so, to understand that the simplest choices are charged with meaning, and yet that meaning can and does change all the time. Consider the fact that a 1918 catalog insisted that boys and girls be dressed in the appropriate color. We believe our thinking today is evolved; Ford shows us it’s not.

46. What does the author think of the book Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History?

A) It is read by people for entirely different reasons.

B) It is meant for those interested in fashion history.

C) It makes enjoyable as well as informative reading.

D) It converts fashion into something for deliberation.

47. How can people best understand a particular fashion in an era, according to Ford?

A) By examining the restraints imposed on it.

B) By looking at what the nobility were wearing.

C) By glancing at its fabrics, colors and ornaments.

D) By doing a survey of the upper and middle classes

48. What was the aim of the first laws passed regarding fashion in the 1200s?

A) To facilitate the rise of the middle class.

B) To loosen restrictions on dress codes.

C) To help initiate some novel fashions

D) To preserve the status of the nobles.

49. What does the author think of Ford’s writing?

A) It uses comparison and contrast in describing fashions of different eras.

B) It makes heavy reading but is not lacking in humor or appeal.

C) It is filled with interesting episodes to spare readers intolerable boredom.

D) It is characteristic of academics in presenting arguments.

50. What does the author say is the greatest strength of Ford’s book?

A) Plentiful information.C) Evolved thinking.

B) Meaningful choices.D) Intellectual depth

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

The art of persuasion means convincing others to agree with your point of view or to follow your course of action. For some of us, persuasion is an instinctive quality and the power of influencing comes naturally. For the rest of us, persuasion skills can be learned and developed over time.

Employers place a great value on employees with persuasion skills because they can impact several aspects of job performance. Besides, teamwork and leadership rely heavily on the power of persuasion to get things done. Without persuasion skills, employees may not be as committed to or convinced of the importance of an organization’s vision and long-term mission. Effective use of persuasion skills will not only help get your coworkers excited about your ideas, it’ll also help you motivate them to achieve a common goal.

In order to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace, you need to understand how to handle conflicts and reach agreements. Good communication is the first step in effective persuasion, but logic and reasoning are just as important. Before you can get somebody on-board with your goal, you should help them understand why they should pursue it. Using visual aids to back up your ideas can help communicate your ideas better and make compelling arguments so your listeners will come to a logical choice and become fully committed to your ideas and plans.

Successful persuasion skills are based on your ability to have positive interactions and maintain meaningful relationships with people. In order to sustain those relationships, you must be able to work in their best interests as well. Your coworkers are more likely to agree with you when they succeed alongside you. The more they achieve and the greater progress they make, the more they trust your judgement and strength.

We persuade and get persuaded every day—we’re either convincing or being convinced. A vast majority of people prefer collaboration and teamwork over traditional organizational structures; no one likes to be told what to do or to be pushed around. Therefore, organizations and leaders should adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes.

51. What does the author say about the ability to be persuasive in the first paragraph?

A) People may either be born with it or be able to cultivate it.

B) It proves crucial in making others follow one’s course of action.

C) It refers to the natural and instinctive power of influencing one’s coworkers.

D) People may view it as both a means to convince others and an art of communication.

52. Why are persuasion skills greatly valued in the workplace?

A) They enable employees to be convinced of their long-term gains.

B) They enable employees to trust their leaders unconditionally.

C) They help motivate coworkers to strive for a common goal.

D) They help an organization to broaden its vision effectively.

53. What should people do to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace?

A) Acquire effective communication skills.

B) Avoid getting involved in conflicts with others.

C) Understand the reason for pursuing their goals.

D) Commit themselves fully to their ideas and plans.

54. When are you more likely to succeed in persuading your coworkers?

A) When they are convinced you work in their interests while sacrificing your own

B) When they become aware of the potential strength of the judgements you make

C) When they become aware of the meaningful relationships you keep with them.

D) When they are convinced they will make achievements together with you.

55. Why are organizations and leaders advised to adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes?

A) To convince employees of the value of collaboration

B) To allow for the preferences of most people of today

C) To improve on traditional organizational structures

D) To adapt to employees’ ever-changing working styles

Part IVTranslation(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

汉语中的 “福”字(the character fu)表示幸福和好运,是中国传统文化中最常用的吉祥(auspicious) 符号之一。人们通常将一个大大的福字写在红纸上, 寓意期盼家庭幸福、社会安定、国家昌盛。春节贴福字是民间由来已久的习俗。为了欢庆春节, 家家户户都会将福字贴在门上或墙上, 表达对幸福生活的向往、对美好未来的期待。人们有时还将福字倒过来贴，表示幸福已到、好运已到。